\title{studies on tiotropium in patients with copd}
\description{data on several endpoints and risk-of-bias from a systematic review of studies on tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd).}
\bold{study}                   \tab \code{character} \tab publication identifier (first author and publication year) \cr
\bold{year}                    \tab \code{numeric}   \tab publication year \cr
\bold{duration}                \tab \code{factor}    \tab study duration (\eqn{<1} year vs. \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} year) \cr
\bold{inhaler}                 \tab \code{factor}    \tab type of inhaler investigated (\dquote{dry powder} or \dquote{soft mist}) \cr
\bold{baseline.age}            \tab \code{numeric}   \tab mean age at baseline \cr
\bold{baseline.males}          \tab \code{numeric}   \tab proportion of males among study participants \cr
\bold{baseline.fev1}           \tab \code{numeric}   \tab mean fev1 at baseline (l) \cr
\bold{baseline.fev1pp}         \tab \code{numeric}   \tab mean fev1 (percent of predicted) at baseline \cr
\bold{baseline.pyr}            \tab \code{numeric}   \tab mean number of pack-years (smoking history) \cr
\bold{tiotropium.total}        \tab \code{numeric}   \tab total number of patients in the treatment group \cr
\bold{tiotropium.exa}          \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} exacerbation in the treatment group \cr
\bold{tiotropium.sexa}         \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} \emph{severe} exacerbation in the treatment group \cr
\bold{tiotropium.hospi}        \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} hospitalization (all-cause) in the treatment group \cr
\bold{tiotropium.deaths}       \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of deaths in the treatment group \cr
\bold{tiotropium.sae}          \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} serious adverse event (non-fatal) in the treatment group \cr
\bold{tiotropium.dropout}      \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of withdrawals in the treatment group \cr
\bold{placebo.total}           \tab \code{numeric}   \tab total number of patients in the control group \cr
\bold{placebo.exa}             \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} exacerbation in the control group \cr
\bold{placebo.sexa}            \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} \emph{severe} exacerbation in the control group \cr
\bold{placebo.hospi}           \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} hospitalization (all-cause) in the control group \cr
\bold{placebo.deaths}          \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of deaths in the control group \cr
\bold{placebo.sae}             \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of patients with \eqn{\geq 1}{>=1} serious adverse event (non-fatal) in the control group \cr
\bold{placebo.dropout}         \tab \code{numeric}   \tab number of withdrawals in the control group \cr
\bold{sgrq.md}, \bold{sgrq.se} \tab \code{numeric}   \tab mean difference and associated standard error for \emph{st. george's respiratory questionnaire (sgrq)} total score \cr
\bold{fev1.md}, \bold{fev1.se} \tab \code{numeric}   \tab mean difference and associated standard error for \emph{forced expiratory volume in 1 second (fev1, ml)} \cr
\bold{rob.rand}                \tab \code{factor}    \tab random sequence generation (selection bias) \cr
\bold{rob.alloc}               \tab \code{factor}    \tab allocation concealment (selection bias) \cr
\bold{rob.perf}                \tab \code{factor}    \tab blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) \cr
\bold{rob.det}                 \tab \code{factor}    \tab blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) \cr
\bold{rob.att}                 \tab \code{factor}    \tab incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) \cr
\bold{rob.rep}                 \tab \code{factor}    \tab selective reporting bias (reporting bias)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a chronic and progressive condition characterized by recurrent exacerbation phases. various treatment options are available, aimed at both providing relief during an acute exacerbation, and at delaying overall disease progression. a common drug used in the management of copd is \emph{tiotropium}, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (lama), which is administered via an inhaler device.
karner et al. (2014) conducted a systematic review in order to evaluate the evidence on the effects of tiotropium in comparison to placebo. 22 placebo-controlled studies were found, and a range of endpoints and subgroups were considered. the data reproduced here relate to analyses 1.1, 1.9, 1.14, 1.15, 1.19, 1.26, 1.27, and 1.28 in the original investigation. the risk-of-bias assessments were shown in fig. 2. a number of study-level covariables are also provided.
karner, c., chong, j., & poole, p. (2014). tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. \emph{cochrane database of systematic reviews}, \bold{7}, cd009285. \verb{https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009285.pub3}
# compute effect sizes (log odds ratios) from exacerbation count data
# (using the "metafor" package's "escalc()" function)
# derive st. george's respiratory questionnaire (sgrq) effect sizes
medicine, pulmonology, odds ratios, raw mean differences, meta-regression, risk-of-bias